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Forest Fires: A Growing Threat to Carbon Absorption and Climate Stability

As the frequency and intensity of forest fires increase globally, researchers are sounding alarms about their profound impact on carbon absorption and climate stability. Recent studies reveal that these fires are not only destroying vast swathes of forest but are also significantly undermining the planet's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, exacerbating the climate crisis.

Forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by acting as carbon sinks. They absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the...

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Ground Tester Section Criteria

Ground Tester Section Criteria is important to decide. The electrical grounding component of an electrical facility can be easily overlooked. It doesn’t appear to have an active role. It isn’t moving, doesn’t emit light or sound, or provide data. It’s largely out of sight....

Electrical Substations

RTU and HMI Redundancy in Electrical Substations

As the substation RTU takes on more applications, such as Human-Machine-Interface (HMI), alarm annunciation, math & logic and “relay communication processing”, its need for high availability increases. Anything that takes the RTU out of service – configuration change, firmware update, or component failure – means not only loss of SCADA but also loss of local visibility, loss of non-operational data and, in some applications, loss of local control. Redundancy can address the needs for higher availability. This paper reviews the latest designs for electrical substation RTU redundancy and details required new features, including:

• Current redundancy designs in substation automation
• Limitations of current implementations
• Suggested design philosophies for substation automation redundancy
• Review of desirable redundancy design features: Flexible SCADA interface, including intelligent buffering to prevent Event floods on switchover, selective reporting of Events and acceptance of controls by Standby, and multiple SCADA support
• Ability for the...

Electrical Substations Articles

Substation Protection

The End of the Road for Transmission Incentives

In a significant shift, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has decided to abandon its transmission incentives policy, particularly the construction work in progress (CWIP) incentives. This decision marks a pivotal change in how transmission projects are financed and regulated,...
Substation Testing & Maintenance

Leakers, What a Mess!

Electric Substation apparatus, transformers and circuit breakers, are the workhorses of the electric transmission grid. Our focus in this article is on the issue of dielectric media leaks. Specifically, oil in large power transformers and oil or SF6 gas in power circuit breakers. Oil and gas leaks...