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Electrical Substations


Cybersecurity in Substation and Grid Communications

As power systems become increasingly digitized and connected, the importance of cybersecurity in substation and grid communications has grown exponentially. With the integration of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), SCADA systems, and remote monitoring, modern substations are now part of a...


Substation Testing & Maintenance

Leakers, What a Mess!

Electric Substation apparatus, transformers and circuit breakers, are the workhorses of the electric transmission grid. Our focus in this article is on the issue of dielectric media leaks. Specifically, oil in large power transformers and oil or SF6 gas in power circuit breakers. Oil and gas leaks...

Power Transformers


Dielectric Fluids

The End of the Road for Transmission Incentives

In a significant shift, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has decided to abandon its transmission incentives policy, particularly the construction work in progress (CWIP) incentives. This decision marks a pivotal change in how transmission projects are financed and regulated,...

Electrical Transformers

Harmonic Problems in Power Transformers

Preventing malfunction in power transformers BY ANDY SAGL, Megger Harmonics are another power quality phenomenon that can cause equipment to malfunction. Harmonics are a sinusoidal component of periodic waves that have frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics can cause...

Dielectric Fluids

Renewable Insulation Liquids for Transformers

Turning electrical assets into green machines BY RONNY FRITSCHE & GEORG PUKEL, Siemens AG Transformers are one of the most important components of energy grid systems. They enable the efficient transport of electric energy from the location where the energy is generated to the location where...

Transformation

Protective Relay Frustrations

Solving misoperation with line parameter measurements

BY WILL KNAPEK, OMICRON USA

Between 80 to 90 percent of all power system faults involve ground. Many protective relaying schemes depend on ground distance protection to accurately sense and locate ground faults on multi-terminal sub-transmission and transmission lines. In addition to the need of dependable ground fault detection, protective relay devices must provide adequate selectivity to avoid overtripping for faults outside of its zone of protection and other...

Transformation Articles